Large-scale forced recruitment campaigns

Following the capture of strategic cities including Goma and Bukavu in early 2025, the M23 is alleged to have escalated its forced recruitment operations. According to witnesses, Congolese soldiers, local militia members, and civilians were systematically abducted from streets, homes, and public gatherings in schools and churches. These individuals were subsequently transferred to makeshift military camps, where many remain unaccounted for.

Children among the victims

Investigations reveal that some abducted individuals were as young as 12 years old. Survivors report being subjected to military and ideological training programs designed to indoctrinate them into the M23 ranks. The report emphasizes that conscription was enforced under threat of execution for those who resisted, with no viable escape routes for the captives.

Deplorable detention conditions

Survivors describe detention facilities plagued by severe overcrowding, acute food and water shortages, and systematic physical abuse. Accounts include deaths resulting from starvation, dehydration, brutal treatment, and summary executions. While exact casualty figures remain unverified, testimonies suggest that hundreds may have perished under these conditions.

Rwanda implicated in allegations

Multiple testimonies point to the presence of Rwandan military officers within M23 detention centers. Some witnesses claim that instructors and guards were Rwandan nationals, including individuals wearing the uniform of the Rwandan Defence Forces. These accusations emerge amid persistent regional tensions, as Kigali continues to deny allegations of direct military support to the M23.